Spring pulpwood drive on the Brown Company timber holdings in Maine. Feeding logs through the sluice at Long Pond. A key log is caught with twisted point of a pike and as the woodman pulls this log, others are carried with it into the sluiceway photo by John Collier, May 1943 (Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress)
It was Frege's notion that certain words are unique, on a different level from others, e.g., "word", "proposition", "world". And I once thought that certain words could be distinguished according to their philosophical importance: "grammar", "logic", "mathematics". I should like to destroy this appearance of importance. How is it then that in my investigations certain words come up again and again? It is because I am concerned with language, with troubles arising from a particular use of language. The characteristic trouble we are dealing with is due to our using language automatically, without thinking about the rules of grammar. In general the sentences we are tempted to utter occur in practical situations. But then there is a different way we are tempted to utter sentences. This is when we look at language, consciously direct our attention on it. And then we make up sentences of which we say that they also ought to make sense. A sentence of this sort might not have any particular use, but because it sounds English we consider it sensible. Thus, for example, we talk of the flow of time and consider it sensible to talk of its flow, after the analogy of rivers.
Regenerating native bush along lower reservoir lake in Karori Wildlife Sanctuary, New Zealand: photo by Pseudopanax, 16 December 2007
If we look at a river in which numbered logs are floating, we can describe events on land with reference to these, e.g., "When the 105th log passed, I ate dinner". Suppose the log makes a bang on passing me. We can say these bangs are separated by equal, or unequal, intervals. We could also say one set of bangs was twice as fast as another set. But the equality or inequality of intervals so measured is entirely different from that measured by a clock. The phrase "length of interval" has its sense in virtue of the way we determine it, and differs according to the method of measurement. Hence the criteria for equality of intervals between passing logs and for equality of intervals measured by a clock are different. We cannot say that two bangs two seconds apart differ only in degree from those an hour apart, for we have no feeling of rhythm if the interval is an hour long. And to say that one rhythm of bangs is faster than another is different from saying that the interval between these two bangs passed much more slowly than the interval between another pair.
Spring pulpwood drive on the Brown Company timber holdings in Maine. Feeding logs through the sluice at Long Pond. A key log is caught with twisted point of a pike and as the woodman pulls this log, others are carried with it into the sluiceway photo by John Collier, May 1943 (Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress)
Suppose that the passing logs seem to be equal distances apart. We have an experience of what might be called the velocity of these (though not what is measured by a clock). Let us say the river moves uniformly in this sense. But if we say time passed more quickly between logs 1 and 100 than between logs 100 and 200, this is only an analogy; really nothing has passed more quickly. To say time passes more quickly, or that time flows, is to imagine something flowing. We then extend the simile and talk about the direction of time. When people talk of the direction of time, precisely the analogy of a river is before them. Of course a river can change its direction of flow, but one has a feeling of giddiness when one talks of time being reversed. The reason is that the notion of flowing, of something, and of the direction of the flow is embodied in our language.
Forest scene on the island of Tiritiri Matangi, New Zealand: photo by brianriceca, 2 December 2005
Suppose that at certain intervals situations repeated themselves, and that someone said time was circular. Would this be right or wrong? Neither. It would only be another way of expression, and we could just as well talk of a circular time. However, the picture of time as flowing, as having a direction, is one that suggests itself very vigorously.
Logs rolling logs into river, near Littlefork, Minnesota: photo by Roy Emerson Stryker, 1937 (Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress)
Suppose someone said that the river on which the logs float had a beginning and will have an end, that there will be 100 more logs and that will be the end. It might be said that there is an experience which would verify these statements. Compare this with saying that time ceases. What is the criterion for its ceasing or for its going on? You might say that time ceases when "Time River" ceases. Suppose we had no substantive "time", that we talked only of the passing of logs. Then we could have a measurement of time without any substantive "time". Or we could talk of time coming to an end, meaning that the logs came to an end. We could in this sense talk of time coming to an end.
On the drive, Pineries of Minnesota: photo by Benjamin Franklin Upton, published by Fearon & Bacheller, between 1867 and 1875; half of stereograph in Upton's Minnesota & Northwestern Views (Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress)
Can time go on apart from events? What is the criterion for time involved in "Events began 100 years ago and time began 200 years ago"? Has time been created, or was the world created in time? These questions are asked after the analogy of "Has this chair been made?", and are like asking whether order has been created (a "before" and "after"). "Time" as a substantive is terribly misleading. We have got to make the rules of the game before we play it. Discussion of "the flow of time" shows how philosophical problems arise. Philosophical troubles are caused by not using language practically but by extending it on looking at it. We form sentences and then wonder what they can mean. Once conscious of "time" as a substantive, we ask then about the creation of time.
Logs roll into the pond, Oregon : photo by Russell Lee, October 1941 (Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress)
Coloured ferns at Dusky Track in Fiordland National Park, New Zealand: photo by Sarang, 23 December 1999
Ludwig Wittgenstein, from Notes for Lectures on Philosophy, 1932-33, in Wittgenstein's Lectures, 1932-1935, ed. Alice Ambrose, 1979
No comments:
Post a Comment